Featured Documents
Al-Ḥārith b. Asad al-Muḥāsibī, Kitāb al-Tawahhum. Section 61, page 48.
In this excerpt from his book on the afterlife and eschatology, Muḥāsibī describes the unveiling of the scrolls in which angels have recorded each person’s deeds on the Day of Judgment. According to Muḥāsibī, on that day each resurrected person holds a written record that leaves nothing out. The person will then read it “with a weary tongue, citing pointless arguments.” In his chapter comparing earthly justice with heavenly justice in the early Islamic imagination in Justice and Leadership in Early Islamic Courts, Christian Lange draws on this source to elucidate the procedures of the heavenly court as imagined by exegetes, highlighting God’s use of written evidence.
This source is part of the Online Companion to the book Justice and Leadership in Early Islamic Courts, ed. Intisar A. Rabb and Abigail Krasner Balbale(ILSP/HUP 2017)—a collection of primary sources and other material used in and related to the book.
ICC arrest warrant against Abdul Hakim Haqqani
Contributions by Cem Tecimer.
California 2023 SB 309
Contributions by Cem Tecimer.
Popular Documents
Niẓām al-Aḥwāl al-Shakhṣiyya [Personal Status Law]
By Muhammad Zubair Abbasi
The Personal Status Law of 2022 (PSL) forms part of Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030 reform agenda.[1] The PSL codifies legal rules governing family relations, including marriage, divorce, child custody, maintenance, gifts, wills, and inheritance. While drawing extensively on principles derived from classical fiqh, the PSL introduces substantive reforms by codifying, clarifying, and standardizing rules that were previously applied through judicial discretion.
The law sets the minimum age of marriage at eighteen, while permitting courts to authorize the marriage of individuals under eighteen where they are deemed sufficiently mature to provide consent.[2] It further enhances women’s autonomy in marriage by limiting the traditional authority of the guardian: a judge may intervene to permit a woman to marry a man of her choice where the guardian’s objection is deemed unreasonable.[3] The PSL strengthens women’s rights within marriage by invalidating the practice of instant divorce (triple ṭalāq)[4] and broadening women’s access to no-fault dissolution through a judicially supervised reconciliation process.[5] It also reinforces married women’s financial rights by requiring husbands to provide maintenance irrespective of the wife’s financial standing.[6] In addition, the financial burden associated with wife-initiated no-fault divorce (khulʿ) is curtailed by limiting the compensation payable to the husband to prompt dower.[7]
Notes:
[1] “Vision 2030,” Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, accessed March 16, 2026, https://www.vision2030.gov.sa/media/cofh1nmf/vision-2030-overview.pdf.
[2] Personal Status Law of 2022 [PSL] art. 9 (Saudi Arabia).
[3] PSL art. 20.
[4] PSL art. 83.
[5] PSL arts. 109–11.
[6] PSL art. 44.
[7] PSL art. 101. Dower under Islamic law is divided into two types. Prompt dower is a sum of money or property that a husband is obliged to pay his wife immediately upon marriage. Deferred dower, by contrast, falls due only upon dissolution of the marriage, whether by divorce or the husband’s death.
Niẓām al-Ithbāt [Law of Evidence]
Contributions by Program in Islamic Law (PIL) Staff.
Muhafiz-i Namus-i Risalat
Contributions by Program in Islamic Law (PIL) Staff.
Featured Collections
Online Companion to Mālik's Muwaṭṭaʾ: Translated by Mohammad Fadel & Connell Monette (Harvard Series in Islamic Law, Harvard University Press 2019)
Edited by Mohammad Fadel, Connell Monette. Contributions by Daniel Jacobs, Rami Koujah, Ari Schriber, Cem Tecimer.
Online Companion to Justice and Leadership in Early Islamic Courts, ed. Intisar Rabb & Abigail Balbale (Harvard Series in Islamic Law, Harvard University Press 2017)
Edited by Intisar Rabb, Abigail Krasner Balbale. Contributions by Daniel Jacobs, Abtsam Saleh.
