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North Africa & Iberian Peninsula

Idrīsids (Morocco)
Rustamids (Algeria)
Midrarids (Morocco)
Aghlabids (Ifrīqiya, Algeria, Sicily)
The Kalbids (Sicily)
Zirids & Hammādids (Tunisia, E Algeria)
Almoravids or al-Murābiṭūn (NW Africa, Spain)
Almohads or al-Muwaḥiddūn (N Africa, Spain)
Mulūk al-Ṭawāʾif/Reyes de Taifas (Central & Southern Spain)
Banū Ghāniya (Balearic Islands)
Naṣrids or Banū al-Aḥmar (Granada)
Marīnids (N Africa)
ʿAbd al-Wādids or Zayyānids (Algeria)
Hafsids (Tunisia, Algeria)
Wattāsids (Morocco, Central Maghrib)
Saʿdid Sharīfs (Morocco)
ʿAlawid or Filalī Sharīfs (Morocco)
Husaynid Beys (Tunisia)
The Qaramanlīs (Tripolitania)
Sanūsī Chiefs an Rulers (Sudan, Libya)

Iraq, Jazīra, Lebanon

Hamdānids (Jazīra, N. Syria)
Mazyadids (Ḥilla, Central Iraq)
Marwānids (Diyār Bakr)
The ʿUqaylids (Iraq, Jazīra, N Syria)
Numayrids (Ḥarrān, Sarūj, Qalʿat Jaʿbar, Raqqa)
Maʾn Amīrs (S Lebanon)
Shihāb Amīrs (Lebanon)

Arabian Peninsula

Carmathian (Qarmaṭī) Rulers (Syria, Iraq, E Arabia)
Zaydī Imāms (Yemen: Ṣaʿda, Ṣanʿāʾ)
Ziyādids (Yemen: Zabīd)
Yuʿfirids (Yemen: Ṣanʿāʾ, Janad)
Najāhids (Yemen: Zabīd)
Ṣulayhids (Yemen: Ṣanʿāʾ, Dhū Jibla)
Zurayʿids or Banū ʾl-Karam (S Yemen: Aden)
Hamdānids (N Yemen: Ṣanʿāʾ)
Mahdids (Yemen: Zabīd)
Rasūlids (S Yemen, Tihāma: Taʿizz)
Ṭāhirds (S Yemen, Tihāma: al-Miqrāna, Juban)
Āl al-Julanda (Oman)
Mukramids (Coastal Oman)
Yaʿrubids (Oman: Rustāq)
Āl Bū Saʿīd (Oman: Muscat; Zanzibar)
Āl Saʿūd (Najd, Ḥijāz, modern Saudi Arabia)
Hāshimite Sharīfs (Mecca, Ḥijāz, Fertile Crescent)
Āl Rashīd (N Najd)

West Africa

Keita Kings (Mali, N Guinea, Gambia, Senegal)
Kings of Songhay (Mali: Savannah Zone)
Rulers of Kanem & Bornu (E-Central Sudan)
Fulānī Rulers in Hausaland, Sokoto (N Nigeria, Niger Valley)

East Africa & Horn of Africa

Sultans of Kilwa (Tanzanian coastland)
Nabhānī Rulers of Pate (Island of Pate, modern Kenyan coastland)
Mazrūʿī Liwalis of Mombasa (Mobasa, Pemba Island)
Āl Bū Saʿīd (Zanzibar & E Africa coastland)
Sultans of Harar (SE Ethiopia)

Western Persia, Central Asia & the Fertile Crescent

Sharwan Shāhs (E Transcaucasia: Yazīdiyya)
Hāshimids (Bāb Abwāb/Darband and its hinterland)
Justānids (Daylam: Rūdbār-Shāh Rūd valleys)
Sājids (Azerbaijan)
Musāfirids or Sallārids (Daylam: Ṭārum and Samīran; Azerbaijan; Arrān)
Rawwādids (Azerbaijan: Tabrīz)
Shāddādids (Arrān, E. Armenia)
Dulafids (Central Jibāl: Karaj)
Būyids or Buwayhids (N, W, S Persia; Iraq)
Ḥasanūyids or Ḥasanawayhid (S Kurdistan)
ʿAnnāzids (S Kurdistan, Luristān)
Kākūyids or Kākawayhids (Jibāl & Kurdistan)
Dābūyid Ispahbadhs (Gīlān; Rūyān, Ṭabaristān coastlands: Sārī)
Bāwandid Ispahbadhs (Ṭabaristan, Gīlān highlands)
Ziyārids (Ṭabaristan, Gurgān)
Seljuqs (Persia, Iraq, Syria)
Börids or Būrids (Damascus, S Syria)
Zangids (Jazīra & Syria)
Begtiginids (NE Iraq, Kurdistan: Irbīl; N Syria: Ḥarrān)
Luʾluʾids (Mosul & Jazīra)
Artuqids (Diyār Bakr)
Shāh-i Armanids (E Anatolia: Akhlāṭ)
Aḥmadīlīs (Azerbaijan: Marāgha, Rūʾīn Diz)
Eldigüzids or Ildegizids (Azerbaijan, Arrān, N Jibāl)
Bādūspānis (Caspian coastlands: Rūyan, Rustamdār)
Nizārī Ismāʿīlīs in Persia (Persian mountainous regions Alamūt)
Hazāraspids (Luristān)
Salghurids (Fars)
Atabegs (Yazd)
Qutlughkhānids (Kirmān)
Maliks of Nīmrūz (Sīstān)

Eastern Persia, Central Asia & the Fertile Crescent

Ṭāhirids & Muṣʿabids (Khurāsān, Iraq: Baghdad)
Sāmānids (Transoxania, Khurāsān)
Ṣaffārids (Sīstān, Persia, E Afghanistan)
Bānījūrids or Abū Dāwūddids (Balkh, Ṭukhāristān)
Sīmjūrids (Khurāsān, Quhistān)
Ilyāsids (Kirman)
Muḥtājids (Khurāsān, Chaghāniyān)
Khwārazm Shāhs (Khwārazm)
Qarakhānids (Transoxania, Farghāna, Semirechye, E Turkestan)

Persia: After the Mongols

Karts or Kurts (E Khurāsān, N Afghanistan)
Muẓaffarids (S, W Persia)
Injuʾids (Fars)
Jalāyrids (Iraq, Kurdistan, Azerbaijan)
Sarbadārids (W Khurāsān)
Tīmūrids (Transoxania, Persia)
Qara Qoyunlu (E Anatolia, Azerbaijan, Iraq, W Persia)
Aq Qoyunlu (Diyār Bakr, E Anatolia, Azerbaijan, W. Persia, Fars, Kirman)
Mushaʾshaʾids (SW Persia: ʿArabistān)
Ṣafavids (Persia)
Afshārids (Persia)
Zands (Persia, except Khurāsān)
Qājārs (Persia)
Pahlavīs (Persia)

Anatolia

Seljuqs of Rūm (W-Central Anatolia: Konya; most of Anatolia)
Dānishmendids (N-Central Anatolia; E Anatolia)
Mengüjekids (N Anatolia: Erzincan, Divriği, Kemakh)
Saltuqis (E Anatollia: Erzurum)
Qarasī or Karasī Oghullarï (SW Anatolia)
Ṣarukhān Oghullarï (W Anatolia)
Aydïn Oghullari (W Anatolia)
Menteshe Oghullarï (SW Anatolia)
Inanj Oghullarï (SW Anatolia: Deñizli)
Germiyān Oghullari (W Anatolia)
Ṣāḥib Atā Oghullarï (W-Central Anatolia)
Ḥamīd Oghullarï & Tekke Oghullarï (W-Central Anatolia, SW coastland)
Beys of Alanya (S Anatolia coastland)
Ashraf or Eshref Oghullari (S-Central Anatolia)
Jāndār Oghullarï or Isfandiyār Oghullarï (Black Sea coastland)
Parwāna Oghullarï (Black Sea coast: Sinop)
Chobān Oghullarï (Kastamonu/Qasṭamūnī)
Qaramān Oghullarï (S-Central Anatolia, Mediterranean coastland)
Eretna Oghullarï (NE Anatolia)
Qāḍī Burhān al-Dīn Oghullarï (NE Anatolia)
Tāj al-Dīn Oghullarï (Black Sea Coast hinterland: Canik/Jānīk)
Ramaḍan Oghullarï (Cilicia, Little Armenia)
Dulghadïr Oghullarï or Dhū ʾl-Qadrids (SE Anatolia)
Ottomans (NW Anatolia, Balkans, MENA, Eritrea)

Central Asia, Far East & Eastern Europe

Mongols & the later Yüan Dynasty of China (Mongolia, China)
Chaghatayids (Transoxania; Mogholistan: Semirechye, E Turkestan)
Il Khānids (Persia, Iraq, E & Central Anatolia)
Khāns of the Golden Horde (W Siberia, Khwārazm, S Russia)
Giray Khāns (Crimea, S Ukraine)
Khāns of Astrakhān (Lower Volga & adjacent steppelands)
Khāns of Qāzān (Middle Volga)
Khāns of Qāsimov (Ryazan to SE of Moscow)

Central Asia & Afghanistan: After the Mongols

Shïbānids (or Shaybānids) or Abū ʾl-Khayrids (Transoxania, N Afghanistan)
Toqay Temürids or Jānids or Ashtarkhānids (Transoxania, N Afghanistan)
Mangïts (Khanate of Bukhārā)
Qungrats or Ïnaqids (Khanate of Khīva)
Mings (Khanate of Khoqand)

Indian Subcontinent & Afghanistan

Ghaznavids (Afghanistan, Khurāsān, Baluchistan, NW India)
Ghūrids (Ghūr, Khurāsān, NW India)
Delhi Sultans (N India, N Deccan)
Sultans of Bengal (Bengal, Bihār)
Sultans of Kashmir (Kashmir)
Sultans of Gujarāt (W India)
Sharqī Sultans of Jawnpur (E-Central, N India)
Sultans & Rulers of Mālwa (Central India)
Sultans of Maʿbar or Madura (S Deccan)
Bahmanids (N Deccan)
Fārūqī Rulers of Khāndesh (NW Deccan)
Barīd Shāhīs (Bīdar)
ʿĀdil Shāhīs (Bījapur)
Niẓām Shāhīs (Aḥmadnagar)
ʿImād Shāhīs (Berār)
Quṭb Shāhīs (Golconda-Muḥammadnagar)
Arghūns (Multan & Sind)
Mughal Emperors (India)
Nawwāb-Viziers & Nawwāb-Nāẓims (Bengal)
Nawwāb-Viziers & Kings of Qudh (Awadh) (N India)
Niẓāms of Hyderabad (S India)
Muslim Rulers in Mysore (S India)
Abdālī or Durrānī Rulers & Kings (Afghanistan)

SE Asia & Indonesia

Rulers of Malacca (SW Coast of Malay peninsula)
Sultans of Aceh (N Sumatra)
Rulers of Mataram (Central Java)
Susuhanans of Surakarta (Central Java)
Sultans of Jogjakarta (S-Central Java)
Sultans of Brunei (N Borneo)

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