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Program in Islamic Law (PIL) Staff, Staff Editor, Harvard Law School
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Zubair Abbasi
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Subsequent Empires & Eras by Region
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Idrīsids (Morocco)
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Wattāsids (Morocco, Central Maghrib)
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East Africa & Horn of Africa
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Āl Bū Saʿīd (Zanzibar & E Africa coastland)
Sultans of Harar (SE Ethiopia)
Western Persia, Central Asia & the Fertile Crescent
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Musāfirids or Sallārids (Daylam: Ṭārum and Samīran; Azerbaijan; Arrān)
Rawwādids (Azerbaijan: Tabrīz)
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Dulafids (Central Jibāl: Karaj)
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Dābūyid Ispahbadhs (Gīlān; Rūyān, Ṭabaristān coastlands: Sārī)
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Ziyārids (Ṭabaristan, Gurgān)
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Zangids (Jazīra & Syria)
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Luʾluʾids (Mosul & Jazīra)
Artuqids (Diyār Bakr)
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Aḥmadīlīs (Azerbaijan: Marāgha, Rūʾīn Diz)
Eldigüzids or Ildegizids (Azerbaijan, Arrān, N Jibāl)
Bādūspānis (Caspian coastlands: Rūyan, Rustamdār)
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Hazāraspids (Luristān)
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Eastern Persia, Central Asia & the Fertile Crescent
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Ilyāsids (Kirman)
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Qarakhānids (Transoxania, Farghāna, Semirechye, E Turkestan)
Persia: After the Mongols
Karts or Kurts (E Khurāsān, N Afghanistan)
Muẓaffarids (S, W Persia)
Injuʾids (Fars)
Jalāyrids (Iraq, Kurdistan, Azerbaijan)
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Qara Qoyunlu (E Anatolia, Azerbaijan, Iraq, W Persia)
Aq Qoyunlu (Diyār Bakr, E Anatolia, Azerbaijan, W. Persia, Fars, Kirman)
Mushaʾshaʾids (SW Persia: ʿArabistān)
Ṣafavids (Persia)
Afshārids (Persia)
Zands (Persia, except Khurāsān)
Qājārs (Persia)
Pahlavīs (Persia)
Anatolia
Seljuqs of Rūm (W-Central Anatolia: Konya; most of Anatolia)
Dānishmendids (N-Central Anatolia; E Anatolia)
Mengüjekids (N Anatolia: Erzincan, Divriği, Kemakh)
Saltuqis (E Anatollia: Erzurum)
Qarasī or Karasī Oghullarï (SW Anatolia)
Ṣarukhān Oghullarï (W Anatolia)
Aydïn Oghullari (W Anatolia)
Menteshe Oghullarï (SW Anatolia)
Inanj Oghullarï (SW Anatolia: Deñizli)
Germiyān Oghullari (W Anatolia)
Ṣāḥib Atā Oghullarï (W-Central Anatolia)
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Beys of Alanya (S Anatolia coastland)
Ashraf or Eshref Oghullari (S-Central Anatolia)
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Parwāna Oghullarï (Black Sea coast: Sinop)
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Eretna Oghullarï (NE Anatolia)
Qāḍī Burhān al-Dīn Oghullarï (NE Anatolia)
Tāj al-Dīn Oghullarï (Black Sea Coast hinterland: Canik/Jānīk)
Ramaḍan Oghullarï (Cilicia, Little Armenia)
Dulghadïr Oghullarï or Dhū ʾl-Qadrids (SE Anatolia)
Ottomans (NW Anatolia, Balkans, MENA, Eritrea)
Central Asia, Far East & Eastern Europe
Mongols & the later Yüan Dynasty of China (Mongolia, China)
Chaghatayids (Transoxania; Mogholistan: Semirechye, E Turkestan)
Il Khānids (Persia, Iraq, E & Central Anatolia)
Khāns of the Golden Horde (W Siberia, Khwārazm, S Russia)
Giray Khāns (Crimea, S Ukraine)
Khāns of Astrakhān (Lower Volga & adjacent steppelands)
Khāns of Qāzān (Middle Volga)
Khāns of Qāsimov (Ryazan to SE of Moscow)
Central Asia & Afghanistan: After the Mongols
Shïbānids (or Shaybānids) or Abū ʾl-Khayrids (Transoxania, N Afghanistan)
Toqay Temürids or Jānids or Ashtarkhānids (Transoxania, N Afghanistan)
Mangïts (Khanate of Bukhārā)
Qungrats or Ïnaqids (Khanate of Khīva)
Mings (Khanate of Khoqand)
Indian Subcontinent & Afghanistan
Ghaznavids (Afghanistan, Khurāsān, Baluchistan, NW India)
Ghūrids (Ghūr, Khurāsān, NW India)
Delhi Sultans (N India, N Deccan)
Sultans of Bengal (Bengal, Bihār)
Sultans of Kashmir (Kashmir)
Sultans of Gujarāt (W India)
Sharqī Sultans of Jawnpur (E-Central, N India)
Sultans & Rulers of Mālwa (Central India)
Sultans of Maʿbar or Madura (S Deccan)
Bahmanids (N Deccan)
Fārūqī Rulers of Khāndesh (NW Deccan)
Barīd Shāhīs (Bīdar)
ʿĀdil Shāhīs (Bījapur)
Niẓām Shāhīs (Aḥmadnagar)
ʿImād Shāhīs (Berār)
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Arghūns (Multan & Sind)
Mughal Emperors (India)
Nawwāb-Viziers & Nawwāb-Nāẓims (Bengal)
Nawwāb-Viziers & Kings of Qudh (Awadh) (N India)
Niẓāms of Hyderabad (S India)
Muslim Rulers in Mysore (S India)
Abdālī or Durrānī Rulers & Kings (Afghanistan)
SE Asia & Indonesia
Rulers of Malacca (SW Coast of Malay peninsula)
Sultans of Aceh (N Sumatra)
Rulers of Mataram (Central Java)
Susuhanans of Surakarta (Central Java)
Sultans of Jogjakarta (S-Central Java)
Sultans of Brunei (N Borneo)
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